CITATION RULES

CITATION RULES

Citations must be used whenever a work incorporates data derived from external sources – that is, data not obtained or created directly by the author. Failure to adhere to the rules outlined below shall be considered plagiarism:

• if an author’s ideas are presented verbatim, they must be enclosed in quotation marks;
• if a lengthy passage is cited, it need not be enclosed in quotation marks; instead, it should be visually distinguished or set apart from the rest of the text (e.g., by using a different font size, typeface, or style, or by employing larger paragraph indentations);
• abridging a quotation is permissible, provided it does not distort the author’s original meaning. Such omissions must be indicated within the quotation by square brackets containing an ellipsis;
• paraphrasing a quotation or altering the grammatical forms (such as cases) of specific words is permitted. In such instances, the text is not enclosed in quotation marks;
• however, a reference to the source – indicated by its corresponding number from the bibliography included with the work – must be provided in square brackets; the bibliography must include all sources consulted during the preparation of the work and the study of the topic, even if those sources are not explicitly cited or quoted within the text itself.